Hoyland, In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire (2015)

Robert G. Hoyland (2015).

Cited in

• 2026-06-13-note-04 — Hoyland — al-Hajjaj’s professionalization of the army under Abd al-Malik broke the Arab tribal levy and opened the army to non-Arabs (2026-06-13)