Patricia Crone (2008).

Cited in

  • 2026-06-12-note-02 — How the Umayyads turned the tribal regional army of Syria into imperial troops and so ended the federation of autonomous regional armies, killing tribal-chief consultation (2026-06-12)
  • 2026-06-13-essay-01-note-01 — How the Umayyads turned the tribal regional army of Syria into imperial troops and so ended the federation of autonomous regional armies, killing tribal-chief consultation (2026-06-13)